Guía de comandos Linux por Categorías 2025

uname -a  #Display kernel and system information.
hostname  #Show or set the system hostname.
uptime #Show system uptime and load average.
htop / top #Display real-time system processes.
vmstat #Report system performance metrics.
free #Display memory usage.
df #Show disk usage.
du #Estimate file and directory sizes.
iostat #CPU and I/O statistics.
sar #Collect, report, or save system activity.

who #Show who is logged in.
whoami #Display current user.
id #Display user ID (UID) and group ID (GID).
adduser / useradd #Add a new user.
passwd #Change a user's password.
usermod #Modify user accounts.
deluser / userdel #Remove a user.
groupadd #Add a new group.
groups #Display groups of a user.
su #Switch user.
sudo #Execute commands as another user (usually root).

ls #List directory contents.
cd #Change directory.
pwd #Print the current directory.
mkdir #Create a directory.
rmdir #Remove an empty directory.
rm #Remove files or directories.
cp #Copy files or directories.
mv #Move or rename files.
find #Search for files in a directory.
locate #Find files using a pre-built index.
touch #Create an empty file.
stat #Display detailed file information.
file #Determine file type.

tar #Archive files.
gzip #Compress files using Gzip.
gunzip #Decompress Gzip files.
zip / unzip #Compress or extract files in ZIP format.
xz / unxz #Compress or decompress XZ files.
7z #Work with 7z compressed files.
bzip2 / bunzip2 #Compress or decompress Bzip2 files.

apt update #Update package lists.
apt upgrade #Upgrade installed packages.
apt install #Install a package.
apt remove #Remove a package.
dpkg #Manage low-level package operations.

yum #Manage packages (deprecated).
dnf #Manage packages (modern replacement).
rpm #Query, install, or remove packages.

ip a #Display network interfaces and IP addresses.
ping #Test network connectivity.
curl #Transfer data from or to a URL.
wget #Download files from the internet.
netstat / ss #Display network connections.
traceroute #Trace the route packets take to a host.
nslookup #Query DNS records.
dig #Query DNS servers.
scp #Securely copy files over SSH.
rsync #Sync files locally or remotely.
ifconfig #View or configure network interfaces (deprecated).

lsblk #Display block devices.
blkid #Show information about block devices.
fdisk #Partition disks.
parted #Manage partitions.
mount #Mount a filesystem.
umount #Unmount a filesystem.
fsck #Check and repair filesystems.
mkfs #Create a filesystem.
df #Show disk space usage.
du #Estimate file and directory sizes.

ps #Display process information.
top / htop #View and manage running processes.
kill #Terminate a process by PID.
killall #Terminate processes by name.
jobs #List background jobs.
bg #Resume a job in the background.
fg #Resume a job in the foreground.
nice # Start a process with a priority.
renice #Change the priority of a running process.

cat #Display file content.
less / more #View file content page by page.
head #Show the first lines of a file.
tail #Show the last lines of a file.
grep #Search text using patterns.
sed #Stream editor for modifying text.
awk #Text processing and data extraction.
cut #Remove sections of text lines.
sort #Sort lines in text files.
uniq #Filter out repeated lines.
wc #Count lines, words, or characters.
tr #Translate or delete characters.

chmod #Change file permissions.
chown #Change file owner and group.
chgrp #Change group ownership.
umask #Set default file permissions.
ls -l #List files with detailed permissions.

firewalld / ufw #Manage firewalls.
iptables #Configure packet filtering.
ssh #Securely connect to remote systems.
fail2ban #Prevent brute force attacks.
gpg #Encrypt and sign data.
openssl #Manage SSL/TLS certificates and encryption.

gcc #Compile C programs.
make #Build programs using Makefiles.
python / perl / ruby / bash #Execute scripts.
vim / nano / emacs #Edit text files.
git # Version control system.

dmesg #Display kernel messages.
journalctl #Query and display system logs.
tail -f /var/log/syslog #View live log updates.
strace #Trace system calls of a program.
lsof #List open files.
tcpdump #Capture and analyze network packets.

cron #Schedule periodic tasks.
crontab -e #Edit cron jobs.
at #Schedule a one-time task.
systemctl enable / disable #Manage service startup.
nohup #Run a command immune to hangups.

systemctl #Manage systemd services.
service #Manage services (older systems).
shutdown / reboot #Power off or restart the system.
init #Change runlevels.
runlevel #Check the current runlevel.

md5sum / sha256sum # Compute file checksums.
rsync #Synchronize files and directories.
tar #Archive and compress files.
scp #Securely copy files.
dd #Low-level file copying.

docker # Manage containers (e.g., docker ps, docker run).
podman #Alternative to Docker for managing containers.
kubectl #Manage Kubernetes clusters.
virt-manager #GUI for virtual machines.
oc #Manage Openshift clusters.
virsh #Manage virtual machines from the command line.

terraform #Manage infrastructure resources as code (e.g., terraform apply).
ansible #Automate configurations and deployments (e.g., ansible-playbook).
vagrant #Create and configure lightweight, reproducible virtual machines.

sysctl #Modify kernel runtime parameters.
tuned-adm #Manage system performance profiles.
perf #Analyze performance bottlenecks.
iotop #Monitor disk I/O by processes.

mysql / mariadb #Manage MySQL/MariaDB databases.
psql #PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
mongosh #MongoDB shell.
redis-cli #Redis command-line interface.

gdb #Debug C/C++ applications.
valgrind #Memory debugging and profiling.
strace #Trace system calls.
ltrace #Trace library calls.

git #Version control (e.g., git clone, git commit).
svn #Subversion version control.
gh #GitHub CLI.

rsync # Synchronize and backup files.
restic #Fast, secure backups.
borg #Deduplicating backup program.
dd #Create low-level backups of disks.

nmap #Network scanner.
netcat / nc #Network tool for debugging and testing.
tcpdump #Capture network traffic.
openssl #Encrypt and secure communications.
nikto #Web server scanner.

fsck #Filesystem consistency check.
e2fsck #Ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem checker.
tune2fs #Modify ext filesystem parameters.

aws #CLI tools for managing AWS.
gcloud #CLI tools for managing Google Cloud.
az # CLI tools for managing Azure.

cryptsetup #Manage LUKS disk encryption.
dm-crypt #Configure disk encryption layers.
veracrypt #Open-source disk encryption.

modprobe #Add/remove kernel modules.
lsmod #List loaded kernel modules.
dmesg #Debug kernel messages.

make #Automate build processes with Makefiles.
cmake #Build systems for C++ projects.
autoconf #Generate configure scripts for software.

getfacl / setfacl #Manage extended ACLs.
semanage #Manage SELinux policies.
getenforce / setenforce #Get or set SELinux modes.